Thank you for using ASK! enquiry service.
You enquired about the various voltages of light bulbs in Singapore.
There are different types of bulbs for different lights or lamps. Some examples include halogen bulbs, incandescent, Light-emitting diodes (LED) and xenon bulbs. Hence, there are many variants of bulbs available depending on the device it is for.
As to your question on the voltage of light bulbs, you may find this explanation useful:
"One watt is the power produced by a current of 1 ampere under a pressure of 1 volt. When you buy an electric light bulb, you may notice that it is marked with a voltage number and the number of watts- indicated as W100 or W60 or W25 as the case may be. A 100-watt bulb will give you more light than a 60-watt bulb. It will also use up more electrical power."
(Taken from e-database go.grolier.com, last accessed on 01 August 2007.)
Perhaps you would like to clarify what device or electrical equipment you are referring to before we can narrow down the light bulb voltage/wattage.
Meanwhile, you may wish to refer to the following resources for detailed explanation on light bulbs:
Online
1) "How Light Bulbs Work", from home.howstuffworks.com/light-bulb.htm
2) "Incandescent light bulb", from Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
[please note that wikipedia can be edited by members of the public and so information found there may not be entirely accurate.]
(both sites last accessed on 02 August 2007)
Books
1) Title The science of a light bulb / Neville Evans.
Author Evans, Neville.
Publisher Hove : Wayland, 1999.
Call no.: J 621.32 EVA
2) Title The lightbulb / Joseph Wallace ; foldout illustration by Toby Welles.
Author Wallace, Joseph E.
Publisher New York : Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 1999.
Call no.: J 621.32 WAL
3) Title Electricity and the lightbulb / James Lincoln Collier.
Author Collier, James Lincoln
Publisher New York : Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, c2006.
Call no.: JR 621.32 COL For Reference Only (only available at Bishan, Jurong and Woodlands libraries)
To check the availability of the above titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
Wednesday, August 1, 2007
Pies (via Stomp)
Originally asked on 01/08/2007:
Thank you for your enquiry on the best pies in Singapore.
Through a survey of some local online forums such as sgforums.com, hardwarezone.com and ohgenki.com, we have collated a number of outlets which you may wish to patronise. (Please note that NLB is not promoting any of these outlets or collaborating with them in any way.)
1) Don - Your Personal Pie Club
www.donpieclub.com.sg
reviewed here: ieatishootipost.blogspot.com/search/label/Pie (both sites last accessed on 1 August 2007)
2) Polar chicken pies
www.polarpuffs-cakes.com
3) Chicken pies from M Hotel
4) Big Ben's pies from Opera Estate
www.bigbensplace.com.sg
5) Boulevard Pies along Joo Chiat Road
442 Joo Chiat Road. Tel: 6345 2108
You may wish to visit them to found out for yourself which is the best.
You also asked for a recipe for Shepherd's Pie. Do note that different countries will have different recipes for this classic dish. Here is one taken from an Australian website:
Classic shepherd's pie
Preparation Time 10 minutes
Cooking Time 65 minutes
Ingredients (serves 4)
1 tbs olive oil
1 brown onion, halved, finely chopped
1 carrot, peeled, finely chopped
2 celery sticks, trimmed, finely chopped
500g lamb mince
2 tbs plain flour
500ml (2 cups) beef stock
1 dried bay leaf
1 tbs Worcestershire sauce
1 tbs tomato paste
Salt & freshly ground black pepper
4 (about 200g each) desiree potatoes, peeled, chopped
40g butter
125ml (1/2 cup) milk
Melted butter, to brush
Method
Heat oil in a large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add onion, carrot and celery and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until soft. Add lamb mince and cook, stirring to break up any lumps, for 5 minutes or until lamb changes colour.
Add the flour and cook, stirring, for 2 minutes or until combined. Add stock, bay leaf, Worcestershire sauce and tomato paste. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low and cook, stirring occasionally, for 30 minutes or until sauce thickens. Taste and season with salt and pepper.
Meanwhile: cook potato in a saucepan of salted boiling water for 15 minutes or until tender. Drain well. Return to the pan with the butter. Use a potato masher or fork to mash until smooth. Add milk and use a wooden spoon to stir until combined. Taste and season with salt and pepper.
Preheat oven to 200°C. Spoon lamb mixture into a 2L (8-cup) capacity ovenproof baking dish. Top with mashed potato and use a fork to spread over lamb mixture. Brush with butter. Bake in preheated oven for 20 minutes or until mashed potato is golden brown. Serve immediately
Source
Australian Good Taste - August 2005 , Page 69
Recipe by Sarah Hobbs
source: www.taste.com.au/recipes/2335/classic+shepherds+pie (last accessed on 1 August 2007)
The following website has a plethora of recipes of shepherd's pie: homecooking.about.com/library/archive/blcass5.htm (last accessed on 1 August 2007)
In addition, you may be interested in these recommended books on pies:
Title Easy peasy sweetie pie : truly scrumptious treats for kids who love to bake / Mary Contini.
Author Contini, Mary.
Publisher London : Ebury, 2000.
Call no.: J 641.5 CON
Title Classic essential pies.
Other Title Pies
Publisher [Hong Kong] : Periplus, c1996.
Call no.: 641.8652 CLA -[COO]
Title Traditional puddings & pies : delicious desserts for every occasion / consultant editor, Linda Fraser.
Publisher London : Lorenz Books, 1995.
Call no.: 641.86 TRA -[COO]
Title Pies & puddings.
Publisher Cologne : Konemann, 1993.
Call no.: 641.8652 PIE -[COO]
To check the availability of the above titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
I like eating pies very much. Nothing seems to match those days of NAAFI (those who remember just opp. Deveshire Road). Any recommendations for good pies eatery places? Does anyone have the receipe on making of Shepperd Pies? Thanking all in advance.
Thank you for your enquiry on the best pies in Singapore.
Through a survey of some local online forums such as sgforums.com, hardwarezone.com and ohgenki.com, we have collated a number of outlets which you may wish to patronise. (Please note that NLB is not promoting any of these outlets or collaborating with them in any way.)
1) Don - Your Personal Pie Club
www.donpieclub.com.sg
reviewed here: ieatishootipost.blogspot.com/search/label/Pie (both sites last accessed on 1 August 2007)
2) Polar chicken pies
www.polarpuffs-cakes.com
3) Chicken pies from M Hotel
4) Big Ben's pies from Opera Estate
www.bigbensplace.com.sg
5) Boulevard Pies along Joo Chiat Road
442 Joo Chiat Road. Tel: 6345 2108
You may wish to visit them to found out for yourself which is the best.
You also asked for a recipe for Shepherd's Pie. Do note that different countries will have different recipes for this classic dish. Here is one taken from an Australian website:
Classic shepherd's pie
Preparation Time 10 minutes
Cooking Time 65 minutes
Ingredients (serves 4)
1 tbs olive oil
1 brown onion, halved, finely chopped
1 carrot, peeled, finely chopped
2 celery sticks, trimmed, finely chopped
500g lamb mince
2 tbs plain flour
500ml (2 cups) beef stock
1 dried bay leaf
1 tbs Worcestershire sauce
1 tbs tomato paste
Salt & freshly ground black pepper
4 (about 200g each) desiree potatoes, peeled, chopped
40g butter
125ml (1/2 cup) milk
Melted butter, to brush
Method
Heat oil in a large saucepan over medium-high heat. Add onion, carrot and celery and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until soft. Add lamb mince and cook, stirring to break up any lumps, for 5 minutes or until lamb changes colour.
Add the flour and cook, stirring, for 2 minutes or until combined. Add stock, bay leaf, Worcestershire sauce and tomato paste. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low and cook, stirring occasionally, for 30 minutes or until sauce thickens. Taste and season with salt and pepper.
Meanwhile: cook potato in a saucepan of salted boiling water for 15 minutes or until tender. Drain well. Return to the pan with the butter. Use a potato masher or fork to mash until smooth. Add milk and use a wooden spoon to stir until combined. Taste and season with salt and pepper.
Preheat oven to 200°C. Spoon lamb mixture into a 2L (8-cup) capacity ovenproof baking dish. Top with mashed potato and use a fork to spread over lamb mixture. Brush with butter. Bake in preheated oven for 20 minutes or until mashed potato is golden brown. Serve immediately
Source
Australian Good Taste - August 2005 , Page 69
Recipe by Sarah Hobbs
source: www.taste.com.au/recipes/2335/classic+shepherds+pie (last accessed on 1 August 2007)
The following website has a plethora of recipes of shepherd's pie: homecooking.about.com/library/archive/blcass5.htm (last accessed on 1 August 2007)
In addition, you may be interested in these recommended books on pies:
Title Easy peasy sweetie pie : truly scrumptious treats for kids who love to bake / Mary Contini.
Author Contini, Mary.
Publisher London : Ebury, 2000.
Call no.: J 641.5 CON
Title Classic essential pies.
Other Title Pies
Publisher [Hong Kong] : Periplus, c1996.
Call no.: 641.8652 CLA -[COO]
Title Traditional puddings & pies : delicious desserts for every occasion / consultant editor, Linda Fraser.
Publisher London : Lorenz Books, 1995.
Call no.: 641.86 TRA -[COO]
Title Pies & puddings.
Publisher Cologne : Konemann, 1993.
Call no.: 641.8652 PIE -[COO]
To check the availability of the above titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
Why do some birds fly in a V-formation while migrating?
Thank you for using ASK! enquiry service.
You asked why birds fly in a v-formation during migration. This is due to aerodynamics. Scientists believe there are two reasons why birds fly in this way. Firstly, the shape of the formation reduces the drag force that each bird experiences if they are flying alone. The second reason is that this formation allows the birds to communicate more easily. The v-formation provides the birds with good visual contact of each other in order to keep the flock together. For a more detailed explanation you may go to Aerospaceweb.org website where this information was extracted from (last accessed 1 August 2007).
In addition, you may be interested in the following books which provide further information:
1) Title Nature's flyers : birds, insects, and the biomechanics of flight / David E. Alexander ; foreword by Steven Vogel.
Author Alexander, David (David E.)
Publisher Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c2002.
Call no.: 573.798 ALE
2) Title The secrets of animal flight / Nic Bishop.
Author Bishop, Nic, 1955-
Publisher Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
Call no.: J 591.1 BIS
3) Title Ride the wind : airborne journeys of animals and plants / by Seymour Simon ; illustrated by Elsa Warnick.
Author Simon, Seymour.
Publisher San Diego : Browndeer Press, c1997.
Call no.: J 591.52 SIM
To check the availability of the titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
You asked why birds fly in a v-formation during migration. This is due to aerodynamics. Scientists believe there are two reasons why birds fly in this way. Firstly, the shape of the formation reduces the drag force that each bird experiences if they are flying alone. The second reason is that this formation allows the birds to communicate more easily. The v-formation provides the birds with good visual contact of each other in order to keep the flock together. For a more detailed explanation you may go to Aerospaceweb.org website where this information was extracted from (last accessed 1 August 2007).
In addition, you may be interested in the following books which provide further information:
1) Title Nature's flyers : birds, insects, and the biomechanics of flight / David E. Alexander ; foreword by Steven Vogel.
Author Alexander, David (David E.)
Publisher Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c2002.
Call no.: 573.798 ALE
2) Title The secrets of animal flight / Nic Bishop.
Author Bishop, Nic, 1955-
Publisher Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
Call no.: J 591.1 BIS
3) Title Ride the wind : airborne journeys of animals and plants / by Seymour Simon ; illustrated by Elsa Warnick.
Author Simon, Seymour.
Publisher San Diego : Browndeer Press, c1997.
Call no.: J 591.52 SIM
To check the availability of the titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
Books for 3+yr olds & 5yr olds
Originally asked on 01/08/2007:
Thank you for using ASK! enquiry service.
The following are some recommended English and Chinese titles for children aged 3 - 5 years old:
ENGLISH
1) Books by Laurence & Catherine Anholt - one of the world's most successful author/illustrator teams and among the 100 Most Borrowed Authors from Libraries. Their books have won numerous awards include the prestigious Nestle Smarties Gold Award.
i) Title Chimp and Zee's words and pictures / Catherine and Laurence Anholt.
Author Anholt, Catherine.
Publisher London : Frances Lincoln Children's, 2006.
Call no.: JP 428.1 ANH
ii) Title Babysitter bear / Catherine and Laurence Anholt.
Author Anholt, Catherine.
Publisher London : Puffin Books, 2004.
Call no.: JP ANH
iii) Title Foolish Jack and the bean stack / written by Laurence Anholt ; illustrated by Arthur Robins.
Author Anholt, Laurence.
Publisher Minneapolis, Minn. : Compass Point Books, c2004.
Call no.: JS ANH
2) Books by Eric Carle - acclaimed author and illustrator of popular picture books for young children
Some titles include:
i) Title Brown bear, brown bear, what do you see? / by Bill Martin, Jr. ; pictures by Eric Carle.
Author Martin, Bill, 1916-
Publisher London : Hamish Hamilton, 1997.
Call no.: JP MAR -[BA]
ii) Title The very hungry caterpillar / by Eric Carle.
Author Carle, Eric.
Publisher London : Puffin, 2003.
Call no.: JP CAR -[BA]
iii) Title The tiny seed / Eric Carle.
Author Carle, Eric.
Publisher Natick, MA : Picture Book Studio : Distributed in USA by Alphabet Press, c1987.
Call no.: JP 582 CAR
CHINESE
1) The Wo Hui Du series- There are several parts in this series.
1st Part- Sheng zi(vocabulary)
There are 10 Books in this part
Some books in this part:
i) Title Jia ting wu pin / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Mi Xue].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 JTW -[BA]
ii) Title Dong wu / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Wu Qinglin].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 DW -[BA]
iii) Title Yan se / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Wu Qinglin].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 YS -[BA]
2nd Part-Ju Zi( Sentence)
There are 12 books in this part
Some books in this part:
i) Title Zao can / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 ZC -[BA]
ii) Title Chi shui guo / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 CSG -[BA]
iii) Title Wo men yi qi wan / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 WMY -[BA]
3rd Part-Jian Dan de Shu
There are 12 books in this part
i) Title Zuo jia wu , kan dian shi / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 ZJW -[BA]
ii) Title Yun dong yuan / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 YDY -[BA]
4th Part: Gu Shi(Stories)
There are 12 books in this part
Title Xiao niao de jia / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Shu Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese XND -[BA]
2) Nao Nao/Yang Yang De Gu Shi/series
Call No: J SING XND
To check the availability of these titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
You may also wish to visit the children's section at any of our Regional Libraries where there are resources such as book lists available.
Hope the above information will be of help to you. If you have further queries, feel free to email us again.
Hello…
I would like to find out if you could recommend me any good English & Chinese books for 5yr olds & 3+yr olds please?
Thank you.
Thank you for using ASK! enquiry service.
The following are some recommended English and Chinese titles for children aged 3 - 5 years old:
ENGLISH
1) Books by Laurence & Catherine Anholt - one of the world's most successful author/illustrator teams and among the 100 Most Borrowed Authors from Libraries. Their books have won numerous awards include the prestigious Nestle Smarties Gold Award.
i) Title Chimp and Zee's words and pictures / Catherine and Laurence Anholt.
Author Anholt, Catherine.
Publisher London : Frances Lincoln Children's, 2006.
Call no.: JP 428.1 ANH
ii) Title Babysitter bear / Catherine and Laurence Anholt.
Author Anholt, Catherine.
Publisher London : Puffin Books, 2004.
Call no.: JP ANH
iii) Title Foolish Jack and the bean stack / written by Laurence Anholt ; illustrated by Arthur Robins.
Author Anholt, Laurence.
Publisher Minneapolis, Minn. : Compass Point Books, c2004.
Call no.: JS ANH
2) Books by Eric Carle - acclaimed author and illustrator of popular picture books for young children
Some titles include:
i) Title Brown bear, brown bear, what do you see? / by Bill Martin, Jr. ; pictures by Eric Carle.
Author Martin, Bill, 1916-
Publisher London : Hamish Hamilton, 1997.
Call no.: JP MAR -[BA]
ii) Title The very hungry caterpillar / by Eric Carle.
Author Carle, Eric.
Publisher London : Puffin, 2003.
Call no.: JP CAR -[BA]
iii) Title The tiny seed / Eric Carle.
Author Carle, Eric.
Publisher Natick, MA : Picture Book Studio : Distributed in USA by Alphabet Press, c1987.
Call no.: JP 582 CAR
CHINESE
1) The Wo Hui Du series- There are several parts in this series.
1st Part- Sheng zi(vocabulary)
There are 10 Books in this part
Some books in this part:
i) Title Jia ting wu pin / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Mi Xue].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 JTW -[BA]
ii) Title Dong wu / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Wu Qinglin].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 DW -[BA]
iii) Title Yan se / [bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Wu Qinglin].
Publisher Singapore : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 YS -[BA]
2nd Part-Ju Zi( Sentence)
There are 12 books in this part
Some books in this part:
i) Title Zao can / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 ZC -[BA]
ii) Title Chi shui guo / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 CSG -[BA]
iii) Title Wo men yi qi wan / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Fei, Wu Qinglin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao you jiao, 2004.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 WMY -[BA]
3rd Part-Jian Dan de Shu
There are 12 books in this part
i) Title Zuo jia wu , kan dian shi / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 ZJW -[BA]
ii) Title Yun dong yuan / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Su Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese 495.1 YDY -[BA]
4th Part: Gu Shi(Stories)
There are 12 books in this part
Title Xiao niao de jia / bian zhe, Su Zhaorong, Zhang Huijun ; hui tu, Shu Lin.
Publisher Xinjiapo : Yu miao shu shi, 2005.
Call No: JP Chinese XND -[BA]
2) Nao Nao/Yang Yang De Gu Shi/series
Call No: J SING XND
To check the availability of these titles, please use our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
You may also wish to visit the children's section at any of our Regional Libraries where there are resources such as book lists available.
Hope the above information will be of help to you. If you have further queries, feel free to email us again.
Telephone enquiry on the Civilian War Memorial
Thank you for your telephone enquiry. You wanted to have general information about the Civilian War Memorial in Singapore. You can refer to the following books:
1. Title Singapore's monuments & landmarks : a philatelic ramble / Tan Wee Kiat, Edmund W.K. Lim, Kevin Y.L. Tan.
Author Tan, Wee Kiat.
Publisher Singapore : Preservation of Monuments Board : Singapore Heritage Society : Singapore Philatelic Museum, 2007.
Call no.: SING 769.5695957 TAN
2. Title Singapore landmarks : monuments, memorials, statues & historic sites / by Pugalenthi Sr.
Author Pugalenthi Sr.
Publisher Singapore : VJ Times International, 1999.
Call no.: SING 959.57 PUG -[HIS]
3. Title Singapore's heritage : through places of historical interest / Dhoraisingam S. Samuel.
Author Samuel, Dhoraisingam S.
Publisher Singapore : Elixir Consultancy Service, c1991.
Call no.: SING 959.57 SAM -[HIS]
To check the availability of the titles, please visit our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
Below are websites on the Memorial:
infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_516_2004-12-23.html
www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/what_to_see/world_war_ii_sites/civilian_war_memorial.html
www.newasia-singapore.com/places_to_go/world_war_ii_sites/civilian_war_memorial_20070601124.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_War_Memorial
(please note that wikipedia can be edited by members of the public and so information found there may not be entirely accurate.)
Lastly, these are some articles from the Straits Times that mentioned the Civilian War Memorial:
Another blow to sanctity of Civilian War Memorial
Straits Times, 22 May 2007, 269 words, (English)
"THE areas bordering War Memorial Park in Beach Road have seen tremendous changes since the monument was unveiled in 1967.
But with recent urban developments, as well as logistics-heavy events such as the National Day Parade and ..."
Reaching high for big scrub
Straits Times, 29 December 1994, 212 words, (English)
"THE Civilian War Memorial is being cleaned - literally inside out. This is part of the tower's routine maintenance carried out by the
Public Works Department. It takes a week just to construct the scaffolding which has to be 60 m high - ..."
The above articles can be accessed via our online database, Factiva. If you are interested, you can learn how to access the database via this link: http://dl.nlb.gov.sg/ask/eresources_guide/factiva/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
1. Title Singapore's monuments & landmarks : a philatelic ramble / Tan Wee Kiat, Edmund W.K. Lim, Kevin Y.L. Tan.
Author Tan, Wee Kiat.
Publisher Singapore : Preservation of Monuments Board : Singapore Heritage Society : Singapore Philatelic Museum, 2007.
Call no.: SING 769.5695957 TAN
2. Title Singapore landmarks : monuments, memorials, statues & historic sites / by Pugalenthi Sr.
Author Pugalenthi Sr.
Publisher Singapore : VJ Times International, 1999.
Call no.: SING 959.57 PUG -[HIS]
3. Title Singapore's heritage : through places of historical interest / Dhoraisingam S. Samuel.
Author Samuel, Dhoraisingam S.
Publisher Singapore : Elixir Consultancy Service, c1991.
Call no.: SING 959.57 SAM -[HIS]
To check the availability of the titles, please visit our online catalogue at http://www.nlb.gov.sg/
Below are websites on the Memorial:
infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_516_2004-12-23.html
www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/what_to_see/world_war_ii_sites/civilian_war_memorial.html
www.newasia-singapore.com/places_to_go/world_war_ii_sites/civilian_war_memorial_20070601124.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_War_Memorial
(please note that wikipedia can be edited by members of the public and so information found there may not be entirely accurate.)
Lastly, these are some articles from the Straits Times that mentioned the Civilian War Memorial:
Another blow to sanctity of Civilian War Memorial
Straits Times, 22 May 2007, 269 words, (English)
"THE areas bordering War Memorial Park in Beach Road have seen tremendous changes since the monument was unveiled in 1967.
But with recent urban developments, as well as logistics-heavy events such as the National Day Parade and ..."
Reaching high for big scrub
Straits Times, 29 December 1994, 212 words, (English)
"THE Civilian War Memorial is being cleaned - literally inside out. This is part of the tower's routine maintenance carried out by the
Public Works Department. It takes a week just to construct the scaffolding which has to be 60 m high - ..."
The above articles can be accessed via our online database, Factiva. If you are interested, you can learn how to access the database via this link: http://dl.nlb.gov.sg/ask/eresources_guide/factiva/
I hope the above satisfies your enquiry. If you need further information, please do not hesitate to email us.
What is the ingredients of bleach?
Thank you for using ASK! enquiry service.
Below are some resources that you may find useful.
What are the ingredients of bleach?
In general, different chemicals are used to bleach different materials.
Bleaching clothing
Laundry bleaches fall into two categories. The first is what are called "chlorine" bleaches. The second are "oxygen" bleaches.
While pure chlorine gas will bleach colors, in laundry bleaches, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite are actually used, and they work by releasing oxygen, not chlorine. The chlorine remains in solution, either as sodium chloride (table salt), or calcium chloride.
These bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide (lye) or calcium hydroxide (quicklime).
Chlorine gas can be released if the bleach is mixed with an acid. To prevent this from happening, commercial bleaches leave extra alkalies in the solution to keep the pH very high (pH 12). This small amount of extra lye in the solution, along with the caustic nature of the hypochlorite itself, is what eats away the cloth if undiluted bleach is spilled on the clothing.
Another chlorine bleach often used is sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
Oxygen bleaches also work by releasing oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient, either as itself, or as a product of reacting another ingredient with water to release hydrogen peroxide.
Oxygen bleaches such as sodium carbonate peroxide (also called sodium percarbonate), sodium peroxide, or sodium perborate are made by reacting molecules with hydrogen peroxide. When the result is added to water, the hydrogen peroxide is released.
Borax also works by releasing hydrogen peroxide into the water.
Most oxygen bleaches work best in hot water. Additives such as tetra acetyl ethylene diamine allow the hydrogen peroxide to work in warm water (50° C).
Bleaching hair
Ultraviolet light from the sun is the most common hair-bleaching agent. Lemon juice is sometimes added to speed up the process of reducing the double bonds in hair pigments to single bonds.
However, the most famous hair bleach is hydrogen peroxide of peroxide blonde fame. Unlike sunlight and lemon juice, peroxide is an oxidizing bleach, and its effects are less easily undone.
The calcium hypochlorite or sodium dichloroisocyanurate used to disinfect swimming pools also bleaches hair, although (contrary to popular belief) it does not turn the hair green. It bleaches the hair, allowing the green copper sulfate in the water to show in the hair. The copper sulfate comes from the reaction of the copper pipes in the plumbing to the sulfuric acid used to neutralize the alkalies in the chlorination chemicals.
Bleaching teeth
Dental bleaches are found in whitening toothpastes and in whitening gels or strips applied to the teeth.
In toothpastes, sodium carbonate peroxide is generally used.
In gels and strips, carbamide peroxide is used, often with tetra acetyl ethylene diamine as a bleach activator.
All of these products owe their bleaching action to the hydrogen peroxide that is liberated when they are applied.
Bleaching skin
Skin lighteners, freckle and age spot removers, and other remedies for hyperpigmentation are not actually bleaches like the others listed so far.
The active ingredient is hydroquinone, which inhibits melanin formation when applied to the skin. Since the effect is easily reversed by exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light, a sunscreen is usually included in the formula.
The above information was taken from scitoys.com, via www.howstuffworks.com.
Books
Title The complete guide to household chemicals / Robert J. Palma, Sr. with Mark Espenscheid.
Author Palma, Robert J., 1940-
Publisher Amherst, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1995.
Call no.: 640 PAL
Title Cloth: from fiber to fabric, written and illustrated by Walter Buehr.
Author Buehr, Walter.
Publisher New York, W. Morrow, 1965.
Call no.: J 677 BUE
Repository Used Book Collection (available through reservation)
Title Bathroom stuff / Holman Wang ; photography by T.J. Adel & son.
Author Wang, Holman.
Publisher Naperville, IL : Sourcebooks, c2001.
Call no.: 668.55 WAN
Title Handbook of detergents / edited by Guy Broze.
Publisher New York : Marcel Dekker, 1999-
Call no.: q668.14 HAN
Available at the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library for reference only.
Please check our library catalogue via http://www.nlb.gov.sg for the availability of the above titles as well as library location.
Hope the above information will be of help to you. If you have further queries, feel free to email us again.
Below are some resources that you may find useful.
What are the ingredients of bleach?
In general, different chemicals are used to bleach different materials.
Bleaching clothing
Laundry bleaches fall into two categories. The first is what are called "chlorine" bleaches. The second are "oxygen" bleaches.
While pure chlorine gas will bleach colors, in laundry bleaches, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite are actually used, and they work by releasing oxygen, not chlorine. The chlorine remains in solution, either as sodium chloride (table salt), or calcium chloride.
These bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide (lye) or calcium hydroxide (quicklime).
Chlorine gas can be released if the bleach is mixed with an acid. To prevent this from happening, commercial bleaches leave extra alkalies in the solution to keep the pH very high (pH 12). This small amount of extra lye in the solution, along with the caustic nature of the hypochlorite itself, is what eats away the cloth if undiluted bleach is spilled on the clothing.
Another chlorine bleach often used is sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
Oxygen bleaches also work by releasing oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient, either as itself, or as a product of reacting another ingredient with water to release hydrogen peroxide.
Oxygen bleaches such as sodium carbonate peroxide (also called sodium percarbonate), sodium peroxide, or sodium perborate are made by reacting molecules with hydrogen peroxide. When the result is added to water, the hydrogen peroxide is released.
Borax also works by releasing hydrogen peroxide into the water.
Most oxygen bleaches work best in hot water. Additives such as tetra acetyl ethylene diamine allow the hydrogen peroxide to work in warm water (50° C).
Bleaching hair
Ultraviolet light from the sun is the most common hair-bleaching agent. Lemon juice is sometimes added to speed up the process of reducing the double bonds in hair pigments to single bonds.
However, the most famous hair bleach is hydrogen peroxide of peroxide blonde fame. Unlike sunlight and lemon juice, peroxide is an oxidizing bleach, and its effects are less easily undone.
The calcium hypochlorite or sodium dichloroisocyanurate used to disinfect swimming pools also bleaches hair, although (contrary to popular belief) it does not turn the hair green. It bleaches the hair, allowing the green copper sulfate in the water to show in the hair. The copper sulfate comes from the reaction of the copper pipes in the plumbing to the sulfuric acid used to neutralize the alkalies in the chlorination chemicals.
Bleaching teeth
Dental bleaches are found in whitening toothpastes and in whitening gels or strips applied to the teeth.
In toothpastes, sodium carbonate peroxide is generally used.
In gels and strips, carbamide peroxide is used, often with tetra acetyl ethylene diamine as a bleach activator.
All of these products owe their bleaching action to the hydrogen peroxide that is liberated when they are applied.
Bleaching skin
Skin lighteners, freckle and age spot removers, and other remedies for hyperpigmentation are not actually bleaches like the others listed so far.
The active ingredient is hydroquinone, which inhibits melanin formation when applied to the skin. Since the effect is easily reversed by exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light, a sunscreen is usually included in the formula.
The above information was taken from scitoys.com, via www.howstuffworks.com.
Books
Title The complete guide to household chemicals / Robert J. Palma, Sr. with Mark Espenscheid.
Author Palma, Robert J., 1940-
Publisher Amherst, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1995.
Call no.: 640 PAL
Title Cloth: from fiber to fabric, written and illustrated by Walter Buehr.
Author Buehr, Walter.
Publisher New York, W. Morrow, 1965.
Call no.: J 677 BUE
Repository Used Book Collection (available through reservation)
Title Bathroom stuff / Holman Wang ; photography by T.J. Adel & son.
Author Wang, Holman.
Publisher Naperville, IL : Sourcebooks, c2001.
Call no.: 668.55 WAN
Title Handbook of detergents / edited by Guy Broze.
Publisher New York : Marcel Dekker, 1999-
Call no.: q668.14 HAN
Available at the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library for reference only.
Please check our library catalogue via http://www.nlb.gov.sg for the availability of the above titles as well as library location.
Hope the above information will be of help to you. If you have further queries, feel free to email us again.
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